Platos Poesis In Republic Essays - Platonism, Dialogues Of Plato

Plato's Poesis In Republic Essays - Platonism, Dialogs Of Plato Plato's Poesis In Republic Plato's three primary issues with verse are that verse isn't moral, philosophical or down to business. It isn't moral since it advances unwanted interests, it isn't philosophical in light of the fact that it doesn't give genuine information, and it isn't down to earth since it is second rate compared to the viable expressions and in this way has no instructive worth. Plato at that point makes a test to writers to guard themselves against his reactions. Amusingly it was Plato's most celebrated understudy, Aristotle, who was the principal scholar to shield writing and verse in his composing Poetics. All through the Republic Plato censures craftsmanship in all structures including writing or verse. In spite of the way that he composed, Plato advocates the expressed word over the composed word. He positions impersonation (mimetic portrayal) on a lower plane than account, despite the fact that his own works read like contents (the Republic is written in discourse structure with characters doing all the talking). It seems like his thinking is that impersonation of the truth isn't in itself terrible, yet impersonation without comprehension and reason is. Plato felt that verse, similar to all types of craftsmanship, offers to the second rate some portion of the spirit, the unreasonable, passionate fearful part. The peruser of verse is allured into feeling unfortunate feelings. To Plato, a valuation for verse is contradictory with an energy about explanation, equity, and the quest for Truth. To him show is the most hazardous type of writing in light of the fact that the writer is emula ting things that he/she isn't. Plato apparently feels that no words are sufficiently able to censure show. Plato felt that all the world's indecencies got from one source: a flawed comprehension of the real world. Miscommunication, disarray and obliviousness were features of an undermined understanding of what Plato consistently strived for - Truth. Plato is, most importantly, a moralist. His essential target in the Republic is to thought of the most equitable, wise approach to carry on with one's life and to persuade others to live along these lines. Everything else ought to adjust so as to accomplish this ideal State. Plato considers verse valuable just as a methods for accomplishing this State, is, just valuable in the event that it encourages one to improve as an individual, and on the off chance that it doesn't, it ought to be removed from the network. Plato's inquiry in Book X is the scholarly status of writing. He expresses that, the great artist can't make well except if he knows his subject, and he who has not this information can never be a poet(Adams 33). Plato says of imitative verse and Homer, A man isn't to be reverenced more than reality (Adams 31). Plato says this since he accepts that Homer discusses numerous things of which he has no information, similarly as the painter who illustrates a bed doesn't really have the foggiest idea how to make a bed. His point is that so as to duplicate or mimic effectively, one must know about the first. Plato says that impersonation is three degrees expelled from reality. Stories that are false have no worth, as no false story ought to be told in the City. He expresses that nothing can be gained from imitative verse. Plato's critique on verse in Republic is overwhelmingly negative. In books II and III Plato's primary worry about verse is that kids' psyches are too receptive to even think about being perusing bogus stories and deceptions of reality. As expressed in book II, For a youngster can't judge what is figurative and what is exacting; whatever he gets into his brain at that age is probably going to get permanent and unalterable; and thusly it is most significant that the stories which the youthful first hear ought to be models of righteous idea (Adams 19). He is basically saying that kids can't differentiate among fiction and reality and this trade offs their capacity to recognize directly from wrong. In this manner, youngsters ought not be presented to verse so further down the road they will have the option to look for the Truth without having a biased, or distorted, perspective on the real world. Plato reasons that writing that depicts the divine beings as acting in unethical manners oug ht to be avoided youngsters, with the goal that they won't be impacted to act a similar way.

Rationalism: Empiricism and Knowledge Essay

First distributed Thu Aug 19, 2004; meaningful amendment Thu Mar 21, 2013 The question among realism and observation concerns the degree to which we are needy upon sense involvement with our push to pick up information. Realists guarantee that there are critical manners by which our ideas and information are picked up freely of sense understanding. Empiricists guarantee that sense experience is a definitive wellspring of every one of our ideas and information. Realists by and large build up their view in two different ways. To start with, they contend that there are situations where the substance of our ideas or information exceeds the data that sense experience can give. Second, they build records of how reason in some structure or different gives that extra data about the world. Empiricists present corresponding lines of thought. To begin with, they create records of how experience gives the data that realists refer to, to the extent that we have it in any case. (Empiricists will now and again settle on incredulity as an option in contrast to realism: in the event that experience can't give the ideas or information the pragmatists refer to, at that point we don’t have them.) Second, empiricists assault the rationalists’ records of how reason is a wellspring of ideas or information. 1. Presentation The contest among logic and observation happens inside epistemology, the part of reasoning gave to examining the nature, sources and cutoff points of information. The characterizing inquiries of epistemology incorporate the accompanying. 1. What is the idea of propositional information, information that a specific recommendation about the world is valid? To know a recommendation, we should trust it and it must be valid, however something more is required, something that recognizes information from a fortunate conjecture. Let’s call this extra component ‘warrant’. A decent arrangement of philosophical work has been put resources into attempting to decide the idea of warrant. 2. How might we gain information? We can shape genuine convictions just by making fortunate conjectures. Step by step instructions to pick up justified convictions is less clear. Additionally, to know the world, we should consider it, and it is hazy how we gain the ideas we use in thought or what affirmation, assuming any, we have that the manners by which we split the world utilizing our ideas relate to divisions that really exist. 3. What are the restrictions of our insight? A few parts of the world might be inside the constraints of our idea however past the restrictions of our insight; confronted with contending depictions of them, we can't know which portrayal is valid. A few parts of the world may even be past the restrictions of our idea, with the goal that we can't shape coherent portrayals of them, not to mention realize that a specific depiction is valid. The difference among pragmatists and empiricists essentially concerns the subsequent inquiry, with respect to the wellsprings of our ideas and information. In certain occasions, their contradiction on this subject leads them to give clashing reactions to different inquiries too. They may differ over the idea of warrant or about the constraints of our idea and information. Our spotlight here will be on the contending realist and empiricist reactions to the subsequent inquiry. 1. 1 Rationalism To be a realist is to receive in any event one of three cases. The Intuition/Deduction postulation concerns how we become justified in accepting recommendations in a specific branch of knowledge. The Intuition/Deduction Thesis: Some recommendations in a specific branch of knowledge, S, are comprehensible by us by instinct alone; still others are understandable by being reasoned from intuited suggestions. Instinct is a type of balanced understanding. Mentally getting a handle on a recommendation, we just â€Å"see† it to be valid so as to frame a valid, justified faith in it. (As talked about in Section 2 beneath, the nature of this scholarly â€Å"seeing† needs clarification. ) Deduction is a procedure where we get ends from intuited premises through legitimate contentions, ones in which the end must be valid if the premises are valid. We intuit, for instance, that the number three is prime and that it is more prominent than two. We at that point conclude from this information that there is a prime number more prominent than two. Instinct and reasoning in this manner furnish us with information from the earlier, or, in other words information picked up autonomously of sense understanding. We can create various forms of the Intuition/Deduction proposition by subbing distinctive branches of knowledge for the variable ‘S’. A few pragmatists take science to be understandable by instinct and reasoning. Some spot moral realities in this class. Some incorporate mystical cases, for example, that God exists, we have unrestrained choice, and our psyche and body are particular substances. The more recommendations realists incorporate inside the scope of instinct and derivation, and the more questionable reality of those suggestions or the cases to know them, the more radical their logic. Pragmatists additionally fluctuate the quality of their view by altering their comprehension of warrant. Some take justified convictions to be past even the scarcest uncertainty and guarantee that instinct and derivation give convictions of this high epistemic status. Others decipher warrant all the more moderately, state as conviction past a sensible uncertainty, and guarantee that instinct and reasoning give convictions of that gauge. Still another element of realism relies upon how its advocates comprehend the association between instinct, from one perspective, and truth, on the other. Some take instinct to be reliable, asserting that whatever we intuit must be valid. Others consider the chance of bogus intuited suggestions. The subsequent proposition related with logic is the Innate Knowledge postulation. The Innate Knowledge Thesis: We know about certain realities in a specific branch of knowledge, S, as a major aspect of our sound nature. Like the Intuition/Deduction postulation, the Innate Knowledge proposition states the presence of information increased from the earlier, autonomously of experience. The distinction between them rests in the going with comprehension of how this from the earlier information is picked up. The Intuition/Deduction proposition refers to instinct and ensuing deductive thinking. The Innate Knowledge proposal offers our levelheaded nature. Our natural information isn't found out through either sense understanding or instinct and conclusion. It is simply part of our temperament. Encounters may trigger a procedure by which we carry this information to cognizance, however the encounters don't give us the information itself. It has here and there been with every one of us along. As indicated by certain realists, we picked up the information in a prior presence. As indicated by others, God gave us it at creation. Still others state it is a piece of our inclination through characteristic determination. We get various variants of the Innate Knowledge postulation by subbing diverse branches of knowledge for the variable ‘S’. By and by, the more subjects included inside the scope of the theory or the more disputable the case to have information in them, the more radical the type of logic. More grounded and more vulnerable understandings of warrant yield more grounded and more fragile renditions of the proposition too. The third significant proposition of realism is the Innate Concept theory. The Innate Concept Thesis: We have a portion of the ideas we utilize in a specific branch of knowledge, S, as a component of our judicious nature. As per the Innate Concept proposition, a portion of our ideas are not picked up as a matter of fact. They are a piece of our judicious nature so that, while sense encounters may trigger a procedure by which they are brought to awareness, experience doesn't give the ideas or decide the data they contain. Some case that the Innate Concept theory is involved by the Innate Knowledge Thesis; a specific example of information must be intrinsic if the ideas that are contained in the realized recommendation are additionally natural. This is Locke’s position (1690, Book I, Chapter IV, Section 1, p. 91). Others, for example, Carruthers, contend against this association (1992, pp. 53â€54). The substance and quality of the Innate Concept proposal shifts with the ideas professed to be inborn. The more an idea appears to be expelled as a matter of fact and the psychological activities we can perform on experience the more conceivably it might be professed to be inborn. Since we don't encounter impeccable triangles however experience torments, our idea of the previous is a more encouraging possibility for being inborn than our idea of the last mentioned. The Intuition/Deduction theory, the Innate Knowledge postulation, and the Innate Concept proposition are basic to realism: to be a pragmatist is to receive at any rate one of them. Two other firmly related postulations are commonly embraced by realists, albeit one can unquestionably be a pragmatist without receiving both of them. The first is that experience can't give what we gain from reason. The Indispensability of Reason Thesis: The information we gain in branch of knowledge, S, by instinct and conclusion, just as the thoughts and examples of information in S that are natural to us, couldn't have been picked up by us through sense understanding. The second is that reason is better than understanding as a wellspring of information. The Superiority of Reason Thesis: The information we gain in branch of knowledge S by instinct and derivation or have inherently is better than any information picked up by sense understanding. How reason is predominant requirements clarification, and pragmatists have offered various records. One view, by and large connected with Descartes (1628, Rules II and III, pp. 1â€4), is that what we know from the earlier is sure, past even the smallest uncertainty, while what we accept, or even know, based on sense experience is in any event to some degree unsure. Another view, for the most part connected with Plato. (Republic 479e-484c), finds the prevalence of from the earlier information in the articles known. What we know by reason alone, a Pla

Now on Khan Academy The American Museum of Natural History

Now on Khan Academy The American Museum of Natural History Where do 200 of the world’s leading scientists work to advance our knowledge of anthropology, astrophysics, comparative genomics, computational sciences, evolutionary biology, herpetology, ichthyology, invertebrate zoology, microbiology, ornithology, and paleontology? The American Museum of Natural History in New York is not only a museum filled with towering dinosaurs, meteorites you can touch, and delighted, curious children; it is also a leading research institution with 32 million specimens and artifacts and an incredibly active field program that sends researchers on more than one hundred expeditions every year. The American Museum of Natural History is a first-rate educational institution that inspires learners of all ages and was the first Ph.D. degree-granting museum in the Western Hemisphere. Naturally, we are absolutely delighted to announce a new partnership between this venerable institution and Khan Academy today. Where to begin? Maybe with an essay by Dr. Neil deGrasse Tyson, director of the Museum’s Hayden Planetarium on “The Pluto Controversy” or a video about dark energy? Or if dinosaurs captivate you, discover how scientists have linked them to modern birds or perhaps take a tour of the Museum’s “big bone room” with paleontology collection manager Carl Mehling. Wherever your curiosity takes you, be sure to check back later this fall for even more great content from our newest partner, the American Museum of Natural History!

A Comparison of Shakespeares Sonnet 18 and Duffys...

A Comparison of Shakespeares Sonnet 18 and Duffys Valentine Shakespears attitude towards his lover is she is superior to the summer and very beautiful Shall I compare thee to a summers day? This show Shakespeare is thinking about comparing her to the summer but then he gives examples of how she is better than the summer. He says she is lovelier than the summer Thou art more lovely and more temperate. He then goes on to say Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May this means that she is more like a darling bud of May than a rough wind that come in the summer. He also explains, using a metaphor that the summer doesnt stay forever, but she will be beautiful forever And summers lease hath all too short a†¦show more content†¦So long lives this and this gives life to thee. Meaning as long as people are alive can see and read and write her beauty will always live on. Duffys attitude differs from shake spears attitude because she is cynical about love but Shakespeare is more romantic. At the beginning of Valentine it is similar to Sonnet 18 because she decides not to give her lover a traditional Valentine gift because she feels it doesnt show him how she loves him and she wants him to think about their relationship so she decides she will give him an onion. This is similar to sonnet 18 because Shakespeare decides not to do that traditional comparison to describe his lover and Duffy decides not to give her lover the traditional valentine gift. She says the onion is moon wrapped in the brown paper the brown paper is the skin and the flesh of the onion is the moon. She compares the onion to the moon because moonlight is associated with romance and it also

Why Becoming a Gudiance Counselor Is for Me - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 510 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/09/25 Category Advertising Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? August 1,2010 Personal Statement College Of New Rochelle As I a reflect on where I am in my life and the experiences that have bought me here. I look back on the many difficult and extremely challenging decisions I’ve had to make to get here. I like to think I am a reasonable person in my thinking and what motivates me, however there have been moments when I thought , if I’d had a more concrete sounding broad to voice my thought, fears and aspirations, early in my journey though life is something I often speculate on, and what choices I would have made. A person a with strong influence in my early learning experiences to guide me in what were my strengths. All throughout my teen years I have been fascinated with sculpting and designing hair styles for friends and family. I was the family hair stylists, eventually turn professional. I truly enjoyed my ten year career as a stylist, as much as I was excited about every new hairstyle that I would learn, I was jus t as interested in meeting the variety of people I would meet everyday working in a unisex salon, The mix in cultures within our own culture was an experience in itself. As I would interact with young and old, but the younger clients is where I witness the most distress and anxiety of the thing going on in their lives. Looking back now presently as a mother of two young children. Returning to school earning my Bachelors in Social Science, exploring society’s diverse cultures as a whole. Presently a Financial Aid Counselor at Pace University, I started to pay closer attention to the often legitimate gripes young people have in terms of had they only had better guidance in their younger years, what a difference it would have made now entering adulthood. This is when I knew I would have much to offer in a career in Guidance Counseling would be a rewarding experience. Few careers are as potentially rewarding—or as frustrating—as that of a guidance counselor, w hose job it is to help guide and structure children’s educational and vocational direction as they pass through an unstable and confusing time in their lives. A guidance counselor helps students determine courses of study and possible vocations. Counselors try to understand what motivates each student as well as his or her skills and desires. When you’re doing things right,† wrote one, â€Å"it’s like you’re another parent, except they trust you a little more. I understand entering this field there will emotional as well as intellectual demands come with the territory. As most guidance counselors spend over a third of their time in consultations with students and parents, prospective counselors should be comfortable with teenagers and have excellent communication skills. It can be frustrating because you will have limited power to make students follow your advice, and often you will face students, whom cannot see pass today, so it is a challenge, I ’m ready to prepare myself for . Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Why Becoming a Gudiance Counselor Is for Me" essay for you Create order

Important Publication of Official Statistics Free Essays

Important Publication of Official Statistics A few important publications containing official statistics for general use are given below: Statistical abstract of India: This annual publication is brought out by the CSO and contains the statistics of various sectors of the Indian economy at least for the last five years. This also gives state-wise statistics at least for the last year. India- Pocketbook economic information: This publication is brought out annually by the Ministry of Finance. We will write a custom essay sample on Important Publication of Official Statistics or any similar topic only for you Order Now It deals with the various aspects of economy particularly financial, foreign aid and international economic comparisons. Basic statistics relating to Indian economy: This is brought out by the statistics and surveys division of planning commission on an annual basis. It contains basic indicators on various aspects of economy for a number of back years on time series basis. India- a reference manual: This is published annually by the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting and it contains information on various aspect of Indian economy. Estimation of National Product, savings and capital formation- This is generally known as a white paper on national income and is published annually by the CSO. It ontains estimates of national income, savings, capital formation and consumption, expenditure together with national and public sector accounts. Agriculture situation in India: This is published by the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperation (Directorate of Economics and Statistics) on a monthly basis. This publication contains all available current statistics together with notes and articles on the assessment of current agriculture situation in the country. Available district- wise data is also reported from time to time. Monthly statistics on production of selected industries in India: This publication of CSO contains data on output, capacity and index numbers and several other variables relating to more than 90 industries. Reserve Bank of India Bulletin: This is published by the RBI on a monthly basis and it contains elaborated data on various aspects of Indian economy including a detailed data on currency and finance situation. Economic survey: This is published annually by the Department of Economics Affair and Ministry of Finance on the eve of the presentation of budget. The document contains an elaborated review of all aspects of Indian economy. Banking statistics- Basic Statistical returns: This is published twice in a year by the How to cite Important Publication of Official Statistics, Papers

Social Responsibility for Australian Commonwealth-myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theSocial Responsibility for Australian Commonwealth Bank. Answer: Introduction During the year 1911, the Act of Commonwealth Bank initiated the operations of Australian Commonwealth Bank, which is also simply known as CBA. Andrew Fisher labor government did the establishment of the same. The CBA was first bank in Australia to get the federal government guarantee (Bank 2014). Within a very short time period, the bank stared to establish both saving and general banking business. The three main countries in which the common wealth bank of Australia operates includes the United States, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. There are variety of ranges of the services provided by the bank that includes superannuation, management of funds, retail, Institutional banking, brokerage services, insurance and many more (Sivaraman and Turner 2016). The Commonwealth Bank is also abbreviated as Commbank was listed in the stock exchange of Australia in August 2015. It was then known as largesrt bank in the Southern hemisphere. Discussion Analysis of the Common wealth bank of Australias financial decisions and the Corporate Social Responsibility principles in context to the given situation In accordance to the annual report of sustainability of the company of the Australian Common Wealth Bank, there are numerous policies and principles related to the corporate social responsibility. It includes various kind commitments as mentioned in the report like ensuring, professionalism, honesty and fairness in dealing with its clients (Rice 2017). The statement of the Corporate Social Responsibility states that there are various commitments of the company like political donations, countering money laundering and frauds management. The main mission of the company is to promote financial well being in the various businesses, communities and the customers (Islam, Jain and Thomson 2016). The Annual Report of the CBA 2017 reveals various ethical principles and policies. According to the report, the CBA treats each other the way they would like to be treated. Therefore, it makes sure that there is respect within themselves. They also make sure that there is compassion in the working environment (Boersma 2015). The management of CBA are aware of the human vulnerabilities thus includes kindness in the work by showing generosity, appreciation, showing humanity and taking rational judgments. Moreover, there is trust that ensures the honesty and dignity is there in the business interactions. The element of trust is build and earned in the conscience that opposite person in morally satisfied. The commonwealth bank of Australia also commits to be true and fair and promotes leadership in workforce. Before stating the financial decisions taken by the commonwealth bank, it is important to know the purpose and objectives of the Corporate Social Responsibility as well as the operations. The CBA focuses mainly in the protection and enhancement of the wealth of its customers. Therefore, it provides cost effective and competitive banking and financial service. It behaves that the consumers transact with confidence and convenience. it also generates returns that are effective for many Australian customers who owns their shares and also through the process of superannuation (Bartlett 2016). Then comes the financial decisions, the CBA provides fianc to more than 2 million clients and pays interest to more than 11 million account holders. The annual payroll expenditure the banking group is more than $5 billion. Moreover, CBA is the Australias fourth largest taxpayer; it has paid more than $3 billion tax in the financial year of 2017. The CBA has conducted various health and well being programs for spreading banking knowledge. The CBA group has also been delivering a range of financial literacy programs to more than 280000 students across the world. However, the insurance company CommInsue highlighted the case of fraud involving the commonwealth bank. As per the insurance company, the bank has been accused to influence the medical intuitions so the insurance claims of the patients are rejected. It involved wrong use of the medical reports that includes files deletions and making the doctors to change the description of the diseases so that the insurance claims of the clients gets rejected. This misconduct contrasts with the fundamental principles and policies of the banking company and had wrong impact on reputation and goodwill of the company. The commonwealth bank of Australia and their sustainability As per the sustainability report of 2017, it is evident that the social responsibility and sustainability have a great impact on the banking company. They clearly consider sustainability and social responsibility in their operations. As on the date of May 2013, the group of the Common Wealth Bank declared a new decision in which enhancement focus has been made on the financial well being of the consumers, businesses and the community. Their new goal is to highlight various on culture, innovations and improvise the policies. There has been a new set of sustainable goals that says: Financial services that are responsible: Their approach to the terms of financial services are to be made more dependable Sustainable work force: To sustain and attract a workforce that is talented and there must be a innovation of the existing one Environmental stewardship: To make necessary measurement and reduction in the existing environmental limitations and provide effective solutions to help the customers and the employees to reduce theirs Improvisation of the policies of the business: The sustainable business principles and policies that have been set by the CBA that includes a system that is well established management, reporting that transparent and a strong governance responsible procurement Community service: To make contributions programs those are effective to the communities with the help of beneficial partnership Various Sustainability Services that the company has conducted are as follows: Increase of the flexibility in work The CBS has provided 24 hours real time banking Initiatives to help in reduction in usage of carbon by 20% Many effective awareness and educational programs to make the students aware of the banking system and policies. Violation of the ethical principles The various principles of ethics include: Principle of Justice: The principle of justice states that mangenent should focus on the actions that are fair. This refers to the decisions that are ethical and should stable with the Theory of Ethics. The customers of CBA had to face injustice in the present fraud case Principle of Beneficence: The principle of beneficence provides guidance to the management to make the judgment as to what is right and what is wrong (Newton 2017). This focus is made on the things that is ethical. This is also related to the utility principle that states that there should be efforts to strive to achieve the greatest amount of good for the benefits of the clients. In the given situation, CBA has violated the principle and has done no good to the insured patients who cannot obtain their insurance claim.. Principle of Respect for Autonomy: This principle states that the management process should focus on allowing the individuals to be autonomous. The people should have control in their as they are the ones who completely understand their chosen type of lifestyle (Gitman, Juchau. and Flanagan 2015). Principle of Least Harm: The least harm principle deals with the situations in which there is no choice that is beneficial. In these cases, management seeks to do the minimum harm and to do harm to least number of people. The scam case as reported by the CommInsue tells that the innocent customers have lost their medical insurance amounts in this fraud case, which is harm Ethical theories and its violations The ethical theories helps in the process of decision making and provides guides for taking the actions there are four broad categories of the ethical theories. The categories are: Theory of virtue: It is the ethical theory of values. A person is judged is done by their character rather than by their action. The character and the actions are by their common behavior. The personal morals, reputation, and motivation are considered. The unbalanced behaviors are taken as immoral (Kara 2017). The action made by the CBA lacks in virtue as the manipulation of the doctors to extract the medical insurance money of the clients is an immoral and unethical action. Theory of rights: The ethical theories on rights, it is a theory that is established by the society. As a result they are given the highest priority. There are the fundamental policies accepted generally by the public. The CBA has violated the right of the insured patients by rejecting their claim. This it is a criminal offence. This is a case where innocent patients are harmed. This is against the mentioned commitments and can harms the reputation. Conclusion The given scenario as pointed out by the largest insurance company in Australia that the Australian bank of commonwealth has been caught in some fraudulent practices like deletion of files, misusing of medical reports, and forcing the doctors to change their opinions so that the claims of the rejected, altering the description of diseases and delaying payouts. The discussion deals with the assesment of the management and policies of the bank and their violations. References Bank, C., 2014. Sustainability Report 2010.Small Medium Enterprise Development Bank Malaysia Berhad. Bartlett, J.L., 2016. Multiple voices shaping CSR meaning and practice Boersma, M., 2015. How Does Sustainable Banking Add Up? Gitman, L.J., Juchau, R. and Flanagan, J., 2015.Principles of managerial finance. Pearson Higher Education AU. Islam, M.A., Jain, A. and Thomson, D., 2016. Does the global reporting initiative influence sustainability disclosures in Asia-Pacific banks?.Australasian Journal of Environmental Management,23(3), pp.298-313. Kara, H., 2017. Research Ethics-Ethical Theories. Newton, M.T., 2017. A Comparison of Ethical Theories. Rice, M.E., 2017. The ethics of presenting a fair and honest treatment plan.The Journal of the American Dental Association,148(4), pp.277-278. Sivaraman, G. and Turner, P., 2016. The 7-Eleven wages scandal: The need for law reform.Precedent (Sydney, NSW), (135), p.53.

Census Study Essays - States Of The United States, Virginia

The censuses of 1790, 1800, and 1820 show an exponential growth in the state and national populations. Although the Southern states did increase in population, the Northern states grew at a drastically quicker pace. Thanks to the industrial expansion in the North, states like New York and Pennsylvania, population skyrocketed over that 30 year time span with increases of 340,120 1,372,812 and 434,374 1,049,458, respectively. This was a drastic change in comparison to 1790, in which Virginia, 747,610, had a leg up on the next closest state, Pennsylvania, 434,373, by upwards of 300,000 people. With the tariffs and embargoes that the Jefferson administration brought, the Souths population dwindled in comparison to the Norths. Between 1790 and 1820, Virginia only grew by 190,000 people. That is only a 25% increase compared to a booming Northern state, New York, whose population increased by 303% over the same 30 year span. The center of population seemed to drift northward as time passed. In 1790, the population was predominantly concentrated in Virginia, with the high population states of Pennsylvania, North Carolina, and Maryland surrounding Virginia on all sides. In 1800, New Yorks population jumped while Marylands population dwindled. This effectively slid the center of population slightly more north than it was 10 years prior. In 1820, two states, Pennsylvania and New York surpassed 1,000,000 people are subsequently surpassed Virginia who had not even cracked 7 figures. As a matter of fact, other than Virginia, New York more than doubled every other southern state in population. This massive influx of northern population was thanks in part to the rapid northern industrial expansion and the limited southern agricultural workforce. The norths rapid population increase forced the center of population more northern than it had been before. This combined with the introduction of more western states mov ed the center of population farther away from Virginia, where it was 30 years ago. This industrial boom as well as the multitude of trading ports led to increased urbanization in the north while the plantation and agricultural based south lagged behind. The ramifications of this population explosion in the north were detrimental to the souths sway in the House of Representatives since the number of representatives per state was dependent on the states population. This is a crucial matter especially in 1820 and thereon because of the slavery topic. Since the North had more representatives, the Houses vote was almost solidified to be in favor of the Norths viewpoints. This was exemplified on subject matters pertaining to taxation, transportation, and slavery. Another ramification is overcrowding. Large eastern cities like Philadelphia, New York, and Boston were becoming increasingly crowded. This lack of land forced many a family to trek westward in search of larger shares of property. The uneven distribution in the House did start to even out with the addition of populous southern states like Alabama, Kentucky, Louisiana, and Tennessee, but were eventually futile due to the seemingly exponential growth of Pennsylvania, New York, and Ohio.

Death penalty misc15 essays

Death penalty misc15 essays I believe the death penalty should be abolished. I believe it should be abolished because it does not help curb crime. Another reason is It is not morally fair or just. We cant be absolute in making sure people are guilty of the crime. It is more expensive than Imprisonment. The judgments are not completely impartial. I believe it is cruel and unusual punishment which is against the law. The death penalty does not help prevent crime. The murder rates in states with the death penalty are no lower than states without. The USA is the only Western democracy with the death penalty and we have the highest murder rate. Canadas murder rate fell the same year they abolished the death penalty. I do not think that penalties affect the crimes that people commit that much I believe penalties help curb the peoples with criminal tendencies. We cannot make sure that everyone on death row is guilty. Since 1970 over 70 people have been released from death row because of evidence of there innocence. Be tween 1900 and 1985 350 people were wrongfully executed. A black person who killed a white person is 40 times more likely than a white person who killed a black person to be sentenced to the death penalty. The US is one of only five nations who have executed children or anyone who was under18 at the time of the crime. The other countries are: Iran, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and Yemen. This violates The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. A small number of countries continue to execute children. During 1994 2,331 prisoners were executed in 37 countries. 4,032 prisoners were sentenced to death in 75 countries. These were the only ones known to Amnesty International the true figures are probably higher. China, Iran, and Nigeria make up 87% of the worlds executions in 1994. In 1994 China executed 1,791 prisoners. 139 were executed in Iran. Over 100 in Nige ...

Report on Teaching and Learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Report on Teaching and Learning - Essay Example All these multiply the need for the inclusion of cooperation, encouragement and commitment towards the profession of teaching. In the context of teaching, ‘effective teaching’ is a much debated topic. As the very name indicates, effective teaching means and includes all the methods and efforts undertaken by teachers to make the students think and learn the world around them in a comprehensive manner. As remarked by Jerome Brunner in his book ‘The Relevance of Education’, â€Å"to instruct someone... is not a matter of getting him to commit results to mind. Rather, it is to teach him to participate in the process that makes possible the establishment of knowledge. We teach a subject not to produce little living libraries on that subject, but rather to get a student to think mathematically for himself, to consider matters as an historian does, to take part in the process of knowledge-getting† (Brunner 1971 ). Renowned researchers and teachers (Abrami & d ApolIonia, 1991; Cashin & Downey, 1992; Feldman, 1997; Marsh & Roche, 1993) observe that teaching involves many complex elements such as clarity, organization, enthusiasm, teachers’ interaction with students. In the efforts to make teaching effective and useful to students, teachers make use of multitudinous methods and strategies which have been developed by researchers as well as practitioners over the years. Some of the methods include evaluation by current students, the teacher himself or herself, administrators, colleagues, trained observes, or former students. Among them, the most simple and practically appropriate method is the Students’ Evaluation of Teaching (SET). It involves the assessment of teaching effectiveness of one with the feedback or evaluation provided by students. It is being used internationally as one of the easy and workable method of evaluating teaching

Porters 5-Force Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Porters 5-Force Analysis - Essay Example In the following paper the example of online university as a part of a strategic group within the larger context of "universities" will be considered to research the Porter's Five Forces model. The theory of five forces model along with practical analysis is combined in each of Porter's discussion within the chosen industry. In the analysis of online university it is important to carefully enumerate the supplier group. Suppliers to the online education industry would be faculty (content suppliers), mentors, software providers and perhaps in the case of state-supported institutions, the legislators and regents. Given that legislators and regents have considerable power in some instances, one has to acknowledge that the principal supplier group exerts relatively little power in relationship to the industry. Thus the bargaining power of suppliers is low. Barriers to entry deter new competitors from entering the market and creating more competition for established firms. There are several major barriers to entry and they include economies of scale, capital requirements, product differentiation, switching costs, cost disadvantages independent of scale, access to distribution channels, and government policy. One example of an industry with high barriers to entry is computer chip manufacturing. The extremely high cost of building a fabrication plant makes entry into this industry very risky. The resturaunt industry on the other hand has considerably fewer barriers to entry since almost everything can be leased and employees need not be highly experienced and trained. (Porter, 7). One has only to watch the Internet to see almost daily announcements of new email courses, programs and degrees rapidly proliferating. The reasons for this are fairly obvious. Barriers to entry are low. Capital requirements are minimal. Switching costs are not important to the buyers and brand identity is probably not nearly as important as access and convenience. Demand for this "product" is growing rapidly as industry demands larger numbers of advanced degrees and education to meet market demands. The threat of new entrants is high. III. THREAT OF SUBSTITUTES Threat of Substitutes exist when the demand for a product declines due to either lower prices of a better performing substitute product, low brand loyalty, new current trends, or low switching cost. When threat of substitutes is low the outcome is favorable to the industry,

Givotia Moluccana Analysis

Givotia Moluccana Analysis MATERIALS AND METHODS 4.1. PLANT MATERIAL 4.1.1. COLLECTION OF PLANT The plant aerial parts of Givotia moluccanawas collected and Authentified by Dr. K. Madhava Chetty, Department of Botany, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupathi (AP). 4.1.2. PREPARATION OF THE EXTRACT The dried leaves of G. moluccana was collected, cleaned, dried and powdered in a grinder  ­Ã‚ ­- mixer to obtain a coarse powder and then passed through 40 mesh sieve. About 1000 gm of powdered drug was extracted with aqueous ethanol by soxhlet apparatus. The extraction was carried out until the drug becomes exhausted. The solvent was recovered from their extract by distillation under reduced pressure. The dried extract thus obtained was kept in a desicator and was used for further experiments. 4.2. EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS Healthy adult male wistar rats weighing between 150-200gm were used for the present study. The animals were housed in groups of six and maintained under standard conditions (27 ±2 ºC, relative humidity 44 56% and light and dark cycles of 10 and 14 hours respectively) and fed with standard rat diet and purified drinking water ad libitum for 1 week before and during the experiments. All experiments and protocols described in present study were approved by the Institutional Animal Ethical Committee (IAEC) of P.Rami Reddy Memorial Collage of Pharmacy (1423/PO/a/11/CPCSEA/102/2014). All the experiments were performed in the morning according to current guidelines for the care of laboratory animals and the ethical guidelines for the investigation of experimental pain in conscious animals (Zimmerman, 1983). 4.3. DRUGS AND CHEMICALS Epinephrine, DTNB, Triphenyl tetrazolium chloride and isoproterenol were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, Bangalore. Thiobarbituric acid (TBA), trichloro acetic acid, hydrogen peroxide were obtained from SD fine chemicals Ltd Mumbai. Sodium dihydrogen phosphate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, tris buffer and all other reagents used were of analytical grade. CK-MB, LDH, SGOT, SGPT, ALP, Total cholesterol, HDL, and triglyceride estimation kits were obtained from Erba diagnostic Ltd. India. 4.4. INSTRUMENTS Analytical Auto analyzer (MaxLyzer NB-201), UV-Visible spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, Model no: 2203), Electronic balance (Shimadzu, Model no: DS-852 J), Tissue homogeniger (Ever shine, Model no: 607), Remi centrifuge (Remi, Model no: KKLO-9013). 4.5 ACUTE ORAL TOXICITY STUDY The acute oral toxicity study was done according to OECD 423 guidelines. Wistar albino rats of either sex were selected randomly and divided into six groups (n = 6). The animals were fasted overnight and extract in doses of 100, 250, 500, 1000, 2000 and 5000 mg/kg body weight, were administered orally to II – VI groups. Group I which received vehicle (CMC) served as control. The animals were observed continuously for 2 hr, and then intermittently for 6 hr and at the end of 24 hours, the number of deaths was noted to determine LD50 of the extract (Annie et al., 2004). 4.6. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN 4.6.1. NEPHROPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY The experimental animals were randomly divided in to 5 groups (n= 6) and treated for duration of 21 days as per the treatment schedule given in table no: 3. Nephrotoxicity was induced by administration of Gentamycin (80 mg/kg I.P) daily for 7 days. Ethanolic extract of G. moluccanawas freshly suspended in CMC and administered to animals by oral feeding needle. Table no: 3 Treatment schedule –Evaluation of nephroprotective activity of EEGM against gentamycin induced nephrotoxicity in Wistar Rats. I.P = Intra peritoneal, P.O = Per oral. 4.6.2. COLLECTION OF BLOOD AND URINE SAMPLES The blood samples were collected from the retrorbital venous plexus of rats without any coagulant for the separation of serum, at the regular intervals of the treatment. After collecting the blood in effindraf tubes they were kept for 1 h at room temperature and serum was separated by centrifugation at 2000 rpm for 15 min and stored until analyzed for various biochemical parameters. Urine was collected over 24 hours on the 21st day by keeping the test animals in metabolic cages. The volume of collected urine samples was measured followed by estimation of biochemical parameters, namely urine Creatinine, urine uric acid and urine urea. 4.7. PARAMETERS MONITERED 4.7.1. BIOCHEMICAL ESTMATIONS i. Estimation of Urea (Berthelot Method) Principle: The reaction sequence employed in the assay is as follows: Urea + H2O Urease 2NH3 + CO2 NH3 + Salicylate +Hypochlorite Nitropruside 2-2-Dicarboxy Indophenol Urease catalyses the conversion of Urea to Ammonia and Carbondioxide. The ammonia released reacts with a mixture of Slicylate. Hypochlorite and Nitropruside to yield a blue-green colored compound (Indophenol). The intensity of color produced is proportional to the concentration of urea in the sample and is measured photometrically at 578 nm or with yellow filter. Reagent preparation: Transfer the entire Enzyme Concentrate (1A) into Urease Reagent (1) with the dropper (or) microtip provided. Assay Procedure: Pipette into test tubes labeled Blank (B), Standard(S), Test(T) as follows. Mix and Read absorbance of Standard (S) and Test (T) against Blank (B) at 578 nm (570-620 nm) or with yellow filter. The final color is stable for 30 min. at R.T. Calculations: Blood urea nitrogen in mg/dl = a X 0.467 Urine Urea in gm/24 hours = a X 24 hrs urine volume in litres. ii. Estimation of BUN (GLDH-Urease Method) Methodology : Talke and Schubert, Tiffany et al. Principle: The estimation of Urea in serum involves the following enzyme catalyzed reactions: Urea + H2O Urease 2NH3 + CO2 NH3 + ÃŽ ±-KG + NADH GLDH Glutamate + NAD ÃŽ ±-KG : ÃŽ ±-Ketoglutarate GLDH : Glutamate dehydrogenase The rate of decrease in absorbance is monitored at 340 nm and is directly proportional to urea concentration in the sample. Procedure: Mix well, and aspirate standard followed by samples. Calculation: Determine absorbance change (ΔA) for the standard and unknown samples by using the formula. ΔA = A1 – A2 Urea = ΔA of Test Concentration of (mg/dl) ΔA OF Standard Standard (mg/dl) iii. Estimation of Uric acid (Uricase/POD) Principle: Uric acid is oxidized to Allontoin and hydrogenperoxide by the enzyme uricase. In presence of peroxidase, released hydrogen peroxide is coupled with Aniline derivative and 4-amino antipyrine (4-aap) to form colored chromogen complex. Absorbence of colored dye is measured at 550 nm and is proportional to Uric acid concentration in the sample (Schultz, 1984; Teivedi et al., 1978). Uric acid + 2H2O Uricase Allontoin + CO2 + H2O2 H2O2 + Aniline derivative + 4-AAP POD Chromogen complex + H2O2 Procedure: Mix well. Incubate at 37 ºC for 5 minutes. Programme the analyzer as per assay parameters. Blank the analyzer with reagent blank. Measure absorbance of standard followed by the test. Calculate results as per given calculation formula. Calculations: Serum/plasma/uric acid = Absorbance of Test 6 (mg/dl) Absorbance of Standard Urine uric acid = Dilution 24 hours urine volume in dl. Factor (mg/day) Conversion factor: Uric acid concentration in mmol/L = Uric acid in mg/dL 0.059 iv. Estimation of Creatinine (Mod. Jaffes Kinetic Method) Principle: Picric acid in an alkaline medium reacts with creatinine to form an orange coloured complex with the alkaline picrate. Intensity of the colour formed during the fixed time is directly proportional to the amount of creatinine present in the sample. Creatinine + Alkaline Picrate Orange Coloured Complex Procedure: Pipette into clean dry test tubes labeled as Standard (S) or Test (T): Mix well and read the initial absorbance A for the Standard and Test 1 after exactly 30 seconds. Read another absorbance A of the Standard 2 and Test exactly 60 seconds later. Calculate the change in absorbance ΔA for both the Standard and Test. For Standard Δ AS = A2 S – A1 S For Test Δ AT = A2 T – A1 T Calculations: Creatinine in mg/dl = 2.0 Urine Creatinine in g/L = x 1.0 Urine Creatinine g/24 Hrs. = Urine Creatinine in g/L x Vol. of urine in 24 Hrs. v. Estimation of Total Protein (Biuret Method ) Methodology: The peptide bonds of protein react copper ions in alkaline solution to form blue-violet complex, (biuret reaction). Each copper ion complexing with 5 or 6 peptide bonds. Tartarate is added as a stabilizer whilst iodide is used to prevent auto-reduction of the alkaline copper complex. The color formed is proportional to the protein concentration and is measured at 546nm (520-560nm). Procedure: Incubate for 10 minutes at 37 º C. Read absorbance of the standard and each test at 546 nm( 520-560 nm) against reagent blank. Calculations: Calculate the results as follows: Total Protein = Absorbance of Test Concentration of (g/dl) Absorbance of Standard Standard (g/dl) vi. Estimation of Albumin (Bromocresol Green) Principle: At pH 3.68, Albumin acts as a cation and binds to the anionic dye Bromocresol Green (BCG),forming a green colored complex. The color intensity of the complex is proportional to Albumin concentration in the sample (Gendler Proteins, 1984; Gustsfsson, 1978). Albumin + BCG Ph 3.68 Green colored complex. Procedure: Mix well. Incubate at Room Temperature (15-30 ºC) for 1 minute. Programme the analyzer as per assay parameters. Blank the analyzer with reagent blank. Measure absorbance of standard followed by the test. Calculate results as per given calculation formula. Calculations: Albumin (g/dL) = Absorbance of Test 4 Absorbance of Standard Globulin = Total Protein Albumin Conversion factor: Albumin concentration in g/L = Albumin concentration in g/dL 10 vii. Estimation of Cholestrol (CHOD-PAP Method) Methodology: Modified Roeschlau,s Method Principle: The estimation of cholesterol involves the following enzyme catalyzed reactions. Cholestrol ester CE Ckolestrol + Fatty acid Cholestrol + O2 CHOD Cholest-4-en-3-one + H2O2 2H2O2 + 4AAP + Phenol POD 4H2O + Quinoneimine CE : Cholestrol esterase CHOD : Cholestrol Oxidase 4AAP : 4-Aminoantipyrine Procedure: Mix well and incubate at 370C for 10 minutes. Aspirate Blank followed by Standard and Tests. Read the absorbance of standard and each test tube against blank at 505 nm or 505/670 nm on bichromic analyzer. Calculations: Cholestrol (mg/dL) = Absorbance of Test Concentration of Standard (mg/dl) Absorbance of Standard viii. Estimation of Glucose (GOD POP Method) Methodology: Trinder, s Method. Principle: Gucose + O2 + H2O Glucose oxidase Gluconic acid + H2O2 H2O2 + 4HBA + 4AAP Peroxidase Quinonemine Dye + 2 H2O 4AAP : 4-Aminoantipyrine 4HBA : 4-Hydroxy benzoic acid. The intensity of the pink color formed is proportional to the glucose concentration and can be measured photometrically between 500 to 540 nm. Procedure: Mix well and incubate for 10 minutes at 370 C. Read the absorbance of standard and each test tube against reagent blank at 505 nm (500-540nm) or 505/670 nm on bichromic analyzer. Calculations: Glucose = Absorbance of Test X Concentration of Standard (mg/dl) (mg/dL) Absorbance of Standard ix. Estimation of Bilirubin (BIT BID) Methodology: Diazo Method of Pearlman Lee Principle: Bilirubin reacts with diazotized sulphanilic acid in acidic medium to form pink colored azobilirubin with absorbance directly proportional to Bilirubin concentration. Direct Bilirubin, being water soluble directly reacts in acidic medium. However Indirect or unconjugated Bilirubin is solubilised using a surfactant and then it reacts similar to Direct Bilirubin. Reagent preparation: Procedure: Mix well and incubate for 5 minutes at 370 C for Total Bilirubin and Direct Bilirubin. Read Absorbance at 546/630 nm against Reagent Blank. Calculations with Factors: Total Bilirubin (mg/dl) = Abs. of Test Factor (23). 4.7.2. IN VIVO ANTIOXIDANT PARAMETERS Preparation of homogenate: The homogenate of heart was prepared as follows for the remaining animals. Reagents: 0.25 M sucrose solution: 85.87 g of sucrose was dissolved in 1000 ml of distilled water 10 mM tris buffer solution: 1.2 g of tris was dissolved in 900 ml of distilled water. pH was adjusted to 7.4 with 1M HCl and diluted up to 1000 ml. Procedure: Kidneys were excised and chopped with surgical scalp into fine slices and were chilled in the cold 0.25 M sucrose, quickly blotted with filter paper. The tissue was minced and homogenized in ice cold 10 mM tris HCl buffer (to pH 7.4) at a concentration of 10% (w/v) with 25 stokes of tight teflon pestle of glass homogenizer at a speed of 2500 rpm. The prolonged homogenization under hypotonic condition was designed to disrupt as far as possible the ventricular structure of cells so as to release soluble protein and leave only membrane and non-vascular matter in a sedimentable form. It was then centrifuged at 5000 rpm at 20o C temperature and clear supernatant was separated and used to estimate reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT) and lipidperoxidation (LPO). a). Catalase (CAT): Catalase was estimated by the method of Hugo E. Aebi method: hydrogen peroxide: hydrogen-peroxidoreductase. Principle: In UV range H2O2 can be followed directly by the decrease in absorbence (O.D 240) per unit time is measure of catalase activity. H2O2 H2 + O2 RDOH H2O + ROH + A Decomposition of H2O2 = Decrease in absorbance at 240 nm Reagents: Phosphate buffer (50 mM, pH 7.0) Dissolve 6.81 g KH2PO4 in distilled water and make up to 1000 ml. Dissolve 8.9 g NaH2PO4. 2H2O in distilled water and make up to 1000 ml. Mix the solution A and B in proportion 1:15 (v/v) Hydrogen peroxide (30 mM/I): Dilute 0.34 ml of 30% Hydrogen peroxide with phosphate buffer up to 100 ml. Procedure: Dilute homogenate 20 times with Phosphate buffer pH 7.0 Calculation: Log (A / B) Ãâ€" 2297.3 Where, A: Initial absorbance B: final absorbance (after 30 second) Units =  µ moles of H2O2 consumed/min/mg b). Reduced glutathione (GSH): Reduced glutathione was determined by the method of Moran et al., 1979. Reagents: TCA (10% w/v) solution: Accurately weighed 10 g of TCA was dissolved in 100 ml of distilled water. Phosphate buffer (0.2 M, pH 8) DTNB reagent (0.6 M): 60 mg of 5,5- dithio bis (2-nitro benzoic acid) was dissolved in 100 ml of 0.2 M sodium phosphate (pH 8). Standard glutathione: Prepared by dissolving 10 mg of reduced glutathione in 100 ml of distilled water. Procedure: To 1 ml of sample, 1 ml of 10% TCA was added. The precipitated fraction was centrifuged and to 0.5 ml supernatant, 2 ml DTNB was added. The final volume was made up to 3 ml with phosphate buffer. The colour developed was read at 412 nm. The amount of glutathione was expressed as  µg of GSH/mg protein, reduced glutathione was used as standard (100  µg/ml). Y – Absorbance of test sample c). Lipid peroxidation: Lipid peroxidation was determined by the method of Slater and Sawsyer et al., 1971 Reagents: Thiobarbituric acid: 0.67% w/v in 1M tris hydrochloride pH -7, 0.67 g of thiobarbituric acid was dissolved in 100 ml of distilled water. Trichloroacetic acid (20% w/v): 20 g of TCA was dissolved in 100 ml of distilled water. Standard malondialdehyde (0-25 n.mol) A stock solution containing 50 mm/ml of 1, 1,3,3-tetra ethoxy propane in tris hydrochloride buffer in pH -7, 10 ml of stock solution was diluted to 100 ml to get a working standard 50 nm malondialdehyde/ml. This was used for preparation of calibration curves. Procedure: 2 ml of sample was mixed with 2 ml of 20% TCA and kept in ice for 15 min. The precipitate was separated by centrifugation and 2 ml of samples of clear supernatant solution were mixed with 2 ml aq. 0.67% TBA solution. This mixture was heated on a boiling water bath for 10 min. It was cooled in ice for 5 min and absorbance was read at 535 nm. The values were expressed as nm of MDA formed/mg of protein values are normalized to protein content of tissues. Y – Absorbance differences of final (after 3 min) and initial reading of test sample.

Research on Hijra Community

Hijra community INTRODUCTION: We know a community is a group of people who work with one another building a sense of trust, care, and support. In Bangladesh Hijra community is a strong community, although they are the most neglected people in our society. Higras are the people who are neither male nor female. In our society they are not treated as human being but hijras claim that they are more capable than men or women. Because they are the combination of both male and female, they are capable of doing the work, which is preferable by men and women.Their demand from society is not so much; they just want to be treated as normal human being and the basic human needs. SUMMARY: 1 (MOVIE: COMMON GENDER) The movie is a reflection of androgen’s life cycle. Androgens were look like men but dressed up like women. So that people teach them and never showed a minimum respect for them. There was one leader of their community who instructed others. One of the characters of this movie was â€Å"Shusmita†. Her parents left her to the hijra community because they think that it was very ashamed things for them that their child was hizra.Shusmita had a male friend named â€Å"Shonjoy† who was also betraying her. After that she felt that there was no meanings of her life for exist. Then she committed suicide. Another character of this film was â€Å"Babu†. The hizra community called her â€Å"Bably†. She always missed her family but if she came home she has been beaten by her brother. Here it is clear that people always keep negative impression about them no matter how hizra communities behave. They collect money from market to survive because societies people never give them work. The most painful part of the movie was people don’t want to entomb hizra with them.This movie focused that androgen people could never have the respect either mortal life or eternal life. SUMMARY: 2 [LIVING ON THE EXTREME MARGIN SOCIAL EXCLUSION OF THE TRANSG ENDER POPULATION (HIJRA) IN BANGLADESH] In childhood if a boy prefers to play with girls, wear female clothing, and household chores then the family members are not take it negatively. Gradually family members notice something goes wrong with their child. Family members felt uncomfortable when the society started to realize the feminine behavior of the boy and comment roughly. There are some families whom are left their child to maintain the social status.But some family kept them. The boy gradually grown up but he cannot change himself because he starts to discover himself that he neither boy nor a girl but a mix of both. He falls into identity crisis as they find feminine emotions trapped inside a manly body. They don’t treat as human because they don’t have any rights, like they cannot take part in the burial of their parents. Lots of situation like this force him to join a hijra community. Over there they find friends like them, so they don’t feel loneliness anymore, and the guru of the community became their parents.She named them newly like â€Å"Salam† become â€Å"Salma†. They get their livelihood and security with and through the community. SUMMARY: 3 They swing between both sexes: hijras as â€Å"asexual others† There are two types of gender male and female, which are classified by our society. But there is another type called â€Å"Hijra† whom is clam that they are third gender. Hijra of Bangladesh defines them as human who are neither male nor female. They can be easily identified by their get-up, language and a very different style of clapping. They developed a distinctive lifestyle gradually.They formed as a community with strong sense of social solidarity. Hijra society of Bangladesh divided into several bands but there is a strong unity and coordination among them. Through every community have separate area, they often visit another community and they welcomed with warmly and greatly treated beca use hijra society is very hospitable. Hijras are mostly illiterate, jobless and homeless. They can barely manage food for survival or see a good doctor for checkup. They have no stable flow of income. In India hijra have a high income rather than Bangladesh.But in our country hijras are fighting hard to survive. They sing and dance for new born baby; they also collect money from market places. If our mainstream society accepts them as normal human being they can seek for new sources of income. QUESTIONNAIRE 1. Where they live? 2. Do you have any community? 3. How they come into the community? 4. Who bring you to the community? 5. Do you have any leader? 6. How a group leader is selected? 7. What is your role? 8. What is your leader’s role? 9. What are their occupation / how they survive? 10. Do you maintain any selected area for collecting money? 1. Did your family still communicate with your? 12. How do you communicate with others? 13. How you get the news of new hizras? 14. What are the requirements to enter the community? 15. If anyone faces any problem, how they solve the problem? 16. Do you have solved the problem by yourself (individual) / other members help you? 17. What is the strength of your community? 18. What they demand from the society? 19. How can you serve the society/ country? 20. Do you have any social or political backup? 21. Which religion do you belong? Do you still maintain it? How? 2. Do you face any problem to maintain it? What are those barriers? Case study: 1 Putuli was another member of Rayer Bazaar hijra community. She told us that she came into this community when she was nine years old. Because of her hormone problem her family left her there. Although her mother loved her lot but unable to stop her father to relinquish her from the family. She told us that still she wanted to stay with her family but when she go for her family they behaved very rude with her. They don’t even touch her and made face like they have se en a alien.Then she told us about their leader on the Rayer Bazaar hijra community who takes care of her as like her child. The leader decided the role of each member and the leader was selecting by concerning their age no matter how active she works. She told us that they dance and sing on society’s birthday party and marriage ceremonies but basically they collect money from market to survive. Then she told that the existence of the society is very tough and painful for her because she always asked herself that who wanted to bag people for money or forced them for giving money for free, her answer is may be no one.It proves that she also have a very strong self-respect. They just don’t understand that it is not any diseases but hormone problem so why people looking at them very oddly with negative point of view. One of the most important things about their community was although they know that they were HIJRA but they didn’t like that word. Then she smilingly t old us that she can handle any kind of problem easily because she has the ability of both male and female. She and her friends can maintain any situation by herself without any help of other by showing their disability approach or brain.This was the main strength of their community that without any political or social backup they live their life with each other. There are different kinds of hijra of their community who belong various religions like Hindu, Muslim, Christian, and Buddha etc. They celebrate their religious occasion like other people of society. Case Study-2 Bala is a Hijra (androgen), who is a member of Rayerbazer hizra community. The size of the community is large, where 65 people live together. They have a leader in this community who is the eldest person of the community, they call her khala, and she plays a vital role in the community.She did not born in the community, she was borrowed from her family when she was 6 years old. Her family doesn’t try to bring her back or stay connected with her. They don’t take any baby because they think if their next baby born as hijra. She told the community has a strong network through they get the news of new hijras. Hijras are easily identifiable because of their nature and attitude. Where all the members along Bala collect money shops and give them all to khala, khala ensure the livelihood for all the members. The brotherhood is so strong between them, if anyone faces any problem everyone comes forward to help.The strength of the community is one for all, all for one. But they never have the happiness of family. They want life partners but that is quite impossible. Her demand from the society is everyone should treat them like a normal human being. Sometime they committed suicide because they cannot handle the way they are treated. She don’t like to collect money from other, she claims that â€Å"I can do any work, like others I also have hands and those are strong. We are not usel ess; we can contribute for the country. We just need opportunity. † They work as the entertainer of the society. But they don’t want to be the clown of the society.They don’t want to live by begging from others. She don’t like the way people look at her. People called her Hijra, which is very painful to her. She wants to known by her name. She came from a Muslim family and still maintains her religion. Like her other members of different religion live together without facing any problem. Case Study-3 Hanna is a member of Keranigonj Hijra community. First time when I saw her she was in a barber shop. She seemed very friendly. I took a short discussion with her. The community where she lives is not a large one. The community is leaded by her guru.She come into this community when she was 12 years old. Her family was ashamed of her. She left her family because of the torture of her father and some of the members of that community offer to join them. Here she found family, friend, food and shelter. After 13 years she is holding a important position in the community. They basically collect money from the local markets and shops. They also participate in the dance of marriage and puja. When they got any information about new born baby they go and dance for money. When I asked about the problem that she faced, she replied there is problem in every aspect of the life of a hijra.One of the problems is people react very oddly when they saw a hira. She said they look like they saw an alien on the street. She handles this problem very interestingly; that she thinks that she is a beauty queen and no one can took their eyes off her. Although they are very confident about themselves but they need the support of their community to survive in the society. People don’t respect them as human being but they have more attachments and feelings, moreover they are very religious. As they are also living human being, they want the basic human needs fr om society.They want to get out of their traditional lifestyle. They want to live in normal human society as a normal human being. They want to work for the society as well as for the country. They are strong and there is no doubt about it, because their community is surviving without any political and social backup. CONCLUSION: Above all it can be say that hijra community who demand themselves as third gender also part of our society. They want nothing but the minimum respect for them and basic rights by which they can survive. If our society provides them chance to do something for betterment they can prove themselves as an asset.We all should help them to develop their community as well as our society by providing the facility which they deserve. It is the right time to change our point of view to them so that they can turn their weakness into strength by serving our country and never hesitate to think that they are also a part of our society. Government should also help them by making laws and policies by serving them with their rights. REFERENCE: †¢http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC2928103/ †¢http://www. transgenderasia. org/paper_swinging. htm †¢Movie : common Gender †¢Survey Questionnaire

Norm Paper

PAPER # 1: BREAKING A NORM NAME: Nisha Tommy A norm is a principle of right action binding upon the members of a group and serving to guide, control, or regulates proper and acceptable behavior. Social norms are group-held beliefs about how members should behave in a given context. Sociologists describe norms as informal understandings that govern society’s behaviors, while psychologists have adopted a more general definition, recognizing smaller group units, like a team or an office, may also endorse norms separate or in addition to cultural or societal expectations.The psychological definition emphasizes social norms' behavioral component, stating norms have two dimensions: how much behavior is exhibited and how much the group approves of that behavior. The people living in the society develop social norms. These norms have its importance and pay a vital role in the socialization of an individual and molding of personality. There are some important functions of social norms, which play essential part in the smooth of the society. These are control behavior, harmonize the society, and law and order. I chose to violate a social norm when riding on the elevator.I did this in a hospital environment where doctors, nurses, technicians, and mostly patients were around me. I monitored the reaction of ten different groups throughout the experiment to get the best result. It is included different nationality and different age group. I rode the elevator ten times but instead of standing the â€Å"normal† way which is facing the door an unspoken social norm I stood the wrong way standing by the door looking at the back of the elevator. I felt very uncomfortable for the first few times but, after that I started enjoying people’s nonverbal reactions.Still it is hard to break a norm by knowingly breaking it. I got various reactions. Some people stare at me as if I was not normal. Some rolled their eyes and others startled their forehead. Some of them as ked me if I was ok. Some couples looked each other and smiled. Some shook their head. Some of them didn’t look at me at all they were looking on the floor. One of the employees asked me â€Å"Do you work here? Which department do you work for? † One person asked me â€Å"Do you have elevators in your country†? One person asked me â€Å"how long have you been in US†? After my answer she made a facial expression.The question â€Å"Are you ok? ’’ contradicted my hypothesis and proved it wrong which was even if I stand the wrong way in the elevator and go against the social norm then people still won’t really react. This experiment proved my hypothesis wrong. While I had thought I wouldn’t get any reactions I did in reality get many reactions from staring to being asked if I was ok. Many people stared at me as though there was something wrong with me or even felt uncomfortable around me. My hypothesis was proven wrong because clea rly breaking a social norm is more significant than I had assumed.The experiment proved a lot about social norms and breaking them. It showed the significance of social norms how much social norms play a role in society and people as individuals act. The social norm I broke was implicit yet it proved to be so great in how people saw me and how they reacted. I standing the wrong way changed the way some people felt in the elevator they started to feel uncomfortable because my actions went against the social norm which is standing facing the door and anything that goes against the social norm is not normal.The gesture was small yet it proved to generate greater reactions. This experiment proves that there are such things as social norms that aren’t even formally stated and as a society rules are set as to how once should behave and when broken one is met reactions and seen as different and â€Å"not normal†. Even in fast paced places where people tend to be too busy or t hey are stressed or even too sick to notice, people notice the breaking of social norms and react toward it because that is how people were taught to look at differently those who don’t follow the social norm.I had believed that in United State where the attitude of minding your business is what people shape their lives around this would not be the case but I was wrong. Adhering to social norms is clearly a big part of people’s lives and shapes the way they act. What surprised me about the results was the way people acted toward me how some people were feeling uncomfortable. This surprised me because they were acting like there might be something wrong with me just because I was standing the wrong way. The man who asked me if I am ok shocked me the most because I didn’t expect anyone to actually ask me this.All of this also shows how the environment plays a role in a person’s life. The social norms of a place which differ from place to place shapes the so ciety it sets the social code. Especially in the case of the man who asked me if I was ok. His behavior and the rest of the experimental group showed how me breaking the social norm affects not only me but the people around me and changes the way I am seen to the world. He would have probably not asked me this is I was standing the right way. But because I violated the social norm his behavior and reactions changed.The groups acted differently because of the variable which made all the difference. One can bring in conformity to explain these results. Society as a whole has learned to conform so as not to be the odd one out. The social based rules that were made people as a whole have learned to change their behavior to conform to the universal social code so they aren’t different. And when they see someone who acts differently they see them as â€Å"weird† different. People like behaviorists would say have been â€Å"shaped† a certain way a socially acceptable w hich is why people reacted the way they did to me.I went against everyone the rules of society by not conforming hence I was the odd one out. If it weren’t for the social norms then maybe I would not have gotten the reactions I did because there wouldn’t be anything to conform too. One can infer that some of the reactions showed the following of the social norm of not being rude. While some of them stared they did not do anything as not to be rude which is in its own way following a social norm of politeness. This experiment has taught me basically a lot more about social norms and society. I got to see firsthand how social norms work and how much they play a role in everyone’s daily lives.I learned how people react toward people who don’t follow the social norms and break them. If this experiment was conducted somewhere else I would say definitely the results would be different, because the place makes the social norms. Every environment is different and society makes rule based on that. What might be acceptable in one place might not be so acceptable in another and vice versa. For example in some place standing away at a decent distance is considered disrespectful that is going against the social norm whereas in America that is not the case. Here standing too close is breaking the social norm.The results might have been more drastic or there might have not been any reaction at all. This experiment helped in providing the significance of social norms. The experiment also proved to show the difference between following and breaking social norms. After breaking the social norm I got to see many reactions which proved my hypothesis wrong and showed how conformity has a strong impact on society. By standing backwards in an elevator I broke the social norm of standing facing the back of the elevator and hence I became the odd one out. I enjoyed doing this experiment as a whole.

The Death Of A Salesman By Arthur Miller - 1618 Words

Both the authenticity and the purity of the American Dream have been put into question by various pieces of literature, such as the Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller, or even the modern classic American Psycho by Bret Easton Ellis. With specific regard to The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, the death of the American Dream is seen through the eyes of Nick Carraway as he watches America’s morality and virtue disintegrate before him. The American Dream is supposed to represent the ideal that every U.S. citizen should have an equal opportunity to achieve success and prosperity through hard work, determination, and initiative. With that being said, the failure of the American Dream in the novel is epitomized by the lack of equality, moral values, and the ultimate demise of both Gatsby and the dreams for which he represented. Notably, social discrimination is undoubtedly a prominent factor in the downfall of the American Dream. The Valley of Ashes is used as a physical repre sentation of the prominent division between the upper and lower class. The fact that the rich hold such a deep aberration for the poor is further exhibited through the relationship between Tom Buchanan and George Wilson; Tom establishes his unquestionable superiority over Wilson and constantly looks down on him, as demonstrated by the quote, â€Å"He’s so dumb he doesn’t know he’s alive† (26). Myrtle, like her husband, is not immune to Tom’s powerful presence, in fact, she embraces his wealth as if it wasShow MoreRelatedDeath Of A Salesman By Arthur Miller1387 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican play-write Arthur Miller, is undoubtedly Death of a Salesman. Arthur Miller wrote Death of a Salesman in 1949 at the time when America was evolving into an economic powerhouse. Arthur Miller critiques the system of capitalism and he also tells of the reality of the American Dream. Not only does he do these things, but he brings to light the idea of the dysfuncti onal family. Death of a Salesman is one of America’s saddest tragedies. In Arthur Miller’s, Death of a Salesman, three major eventsRead MoreDeath Of A Salesman By Arthur Miller888 Words   |  4 PagesDeath of a Salesman† is a play written by Arthur Miller in the year 1949. The play revolves around a desperate salesman, Willy Loman. Loman is delusioned and most of the things he does make him to appear as a man who is living in his own world away from other people. He is disturbed by the fact that he cannot let go his former self. His wife Linda is sad and lonely; his youngest son Biff is presented as a swinger/player while his eldest son Happy appears anti-business and confused by the behaviorRead MoreDeath Of A Salesman By Arthur Miller1573 Words   |  7 Pagesrepresents a character with a tragic flaw leading to his downfall. In addition, in traditional tragedy, the main character falls from high authority and often it is predetermined by fate, while the audi ence experiences catharsis (Bloom 2). Arthur Miller’s play Death of a Salesman is considered to be a tragedy because this literary work has some of the main characteristics of the tragedy genre. In this play, the main character Willy Loman possesses such traits and behaviors that lead to his downfall, and theRead MoreDeath of Salesman by Arthur Miller972 Words   |  4 PagesIn the play Death of a Salesman by the playwright Arthur Miller, the use of names is significant to the characters themselves. Many playwrights and authors use names in their works to make a connection between the reader and the main idea of their work. Arthur Miller uses names in this play extraordinarily. Not only does Miller use the names to get readers to correlate them with the main idea of the play, but he also uses names to provide some irony to the play. Miller uses the meanings of someRead MoreDeath Of A Salesman By Arthur Miller1628 Words   |  7 PagesArthur Miller wrote the Pulitzer Prize winning play Death of a Salesman in 1949. The play inflated the myth of the American Dream of prosperity and recognition, that hard work and integrity brings, but the play compels the world to see the ugly truth that capitalism and the materialistic world distort honesty and moral ethics. The play is a guide toward contemporary themes foreseen of the twentieth century, which are veiled with greed, power, and betrayal. Miller’s influence with the play spreadRead MoreDeath Of A Salesman By Arthur Miller949 Words   |  4 PagesDeath of a Salesman can be described as modern tragedy portraying the remaining days in the life of Willy Loman. This story is very complex, not only because of it’s use of past and present, but because of Willy’s lies that have continued to spiral out of control throughout his life. Arthur Miller puts a modern twist on Aristotle’s definition of ancient Greek tragedy when Willy Loman’s life story directly identifies the fatal flaw of the â€Å"American Dream†. Willy Loman’s tragic flaw can be recappedRead MoreThe Death Of A Salesman By Arthur Miller846 Words   |  4 PagesA Dime a Dozen The Death of a Salesman is a tragedy written by playwright Arthur Miller and told in the third person limited view. The play involves four main characters, Biff, Happy, Linda, and Willy Loman, an ordinary family trying to live the American Dream. Throughout the play however, the family begins to show that through their endeavors to live the American Dream, they are only hurting their selves. The play begins by hinting at Willy’s suicidal attempts as the play begins with Linda askingRead MoreDeath Of A Salesman By Arthur Miller Essay2538 Words   |  11 PagesSurname 1 McCain Student’s Name: Instructor’s Name: Course: Date: Death of a Salesman Death of a salesman is a literature play written by American author Arthur Miller. The play was first published in the year 1949 and premiered on Broadway in the same year. Since then, it has had several performances. It has also received a lot of accordances and won numerous awards for its literature merit including the coveted Pulitzer for drama. The play is regarded by many critics as the perfectRead MoreDeath Of A Salesman By Arthur Miller2081 Words   |  9 Pages#1 â€Å"Death of a Salesman† by Arthur Miller is a tragedy, this play has only two acts and does not include scenes in the acts. Instead of cutting from scene to scene, there is a description of how the lighting focuses on a different place or time-period, which from there, they continue on in a different setting. The play doesn’t go in chronological order. A lot of the play is present in Willy’s flashbacks or memories of events. This provides an explanation of why the characters are acting a certainRead MoreDeath Of Salesman By Arthur Miller1475 Words   |  6 Pagesto death to achieve their so- called American dream. They live alone and there is no love of parents and siblings. They may have not noticed the America dream costs them so much, which will cause a bigger regret later. In the play Death of Salesman, Arthur Miller brings a great story of a man who is at very older age and still works hard to achieve his desire, which is the American dream. Later, he no tices that his youth is gone and there is less energy in his body. Willy Loman is a salesman, who